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records and structures

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    This subchapter looks at records and structures.

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stub section

    This subchapter is a stub section. It will be filled in with instructional material later. For now it serves the purpose of a place holder for the order of instruction.

    Professors are invited to give feedback on both the proposed contents and the propsed order of this text book. Send commentary to Milo, PO Box 1361, Tustin, California, 92781, USA.

records and structures

    This subchapter looks at records and structures.

    The word structure is used in most modern programming languages, while the word record is used in most early programming languages. They are the same programming concept.

    A record or structure is a method of grouping several data items together. It is possible to manipulate and change individual data items in a record or structure and possible to manipulate the entire structure or record as a whole.

    The individual items in a structure or record are typically called elelements.

    Usually any operation that can be performed on a particular data type can be performed on an element that has that data type.

    Common operations allowed on an entire record or structure include copying and printing.

C

Stanford C essentials

    Stanford CS Education Library This [the following section until marked as end of Stanford University items] is document #101, Essential C, in the Stanford CS Education Library. This and other educational materials are available for free at http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/. This article is free to be used, reproduced, excerpted, retransmitted, or sold so long as this notice is clearly reproduced at its beginning. Copyright 1996-2003, Nick Parlante, nick.parlante@cs.stanford.edu.

Complex Data Types

    C has the usual facilities for grouping things together to form composite types-- arrays and records (which are called “structures”). The following definition declares a type called “struct fraction” that has two integer sub fields named “numerator” and “denominator”. If you forget the semicolon it tends to produce a syntax error in whatever thing follows the struct declaration.

    struct fraction {
       int numerator;
       int denominator;
    };       // Don't forget the semicolon!

    This declaration introduces the type struct fraction (both words are required) as a new type. C uses the period (.) to access the fields in a record. You can copy two records of the same type using a single assignment statement, however == does not work on structs.

    struct fraction f1, f2;    // declare two fractions

    f1.numerator = 22;
    f1.denominator = 7;

    f2 = f1;    // this copies over the whole struct

    Stanford CS Education Library This [the above section] is document #101, Essential C, in the Stanford CS Education Library. This and other educational materials are available for free at http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/. This article is free to be used, reproduced, excerpted, retransmitted, or sold so long as this notice is clearly reproduced at its beginning. Copyright 1996-2003, Nick Parlante, nick.parlante@cs.stanford.edu.

end of Stanford C essentials

Ada

    “31 Every object in the language has a type, which characterizes a set of values and a set of applicable operations. The main classes of types are elementary types (comprising enumeration, numeric, and access types) and composite types (including array and record types).” —:Ada-Europe’s Ada Reference Manual: Introduction: Language Summary See legal information

    “34/2 Composite types allow definitions of structured objects with related components. The composite types in the language include arrays and records. … A record is an object with named components of possibly different types.” —:Ada-Europe’s Ada Reference Manual: Introduction: Language Summary See legal information

    “35 Record, task, and protected types may have special components called discriminants which parameterize the type. Variant record structures that depend on the values of discriminants can be defined within a record type.” —:Ada-Europe’s Ada Reference Manual: Introduction: Language Summary See legal information

JOVIAL

    The following material is from the unclassified Computer Programming Manual for the JOVIAL (J73) Language, RADC-TR-81-143, Final Technical Report of June 1981.


    The kinds of values provided by JOVIAL reflect the applications
    of the language; they are oriented toward engineering and contrl
    programming rather than, for example, commercial and business
    programming.  The JOVIAL values are:
    8.  Table values, which are collections of values gathered
        together to form a single data object.  They are used
        for the constructs called "arrays" and "structures" in
        other languages.  For example, a table can be used to
        store temperature readings taken every 10 seconds during
        a given test period.

    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION, page 3

    Items are  just the scalar (single-value) data of JOVIAL.  JOVIAL
    also has tables and blocks, which provide for arrays and other
    data structures.


    An example of a table declaration is:

         TABLE GRID (1:10, 1:10);
            BEGIN
            ITEM XOORD U;
            ITEM YCOORD U;
            END

    The table GRID has two dimensions.  Each dimension contains ten
    entries.  Each entry consists of two items, XCOORD and YCOORD.

    Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION, page 5

other

   “18. A program without a loop and a structured variable isn’t worth writing.” —Alan Perlis, Epigrams on Programming, ACM’s SIGPLAN Notices Volume 17, No. 9, September 1982, pages 7-13


free music player coding example

    Coding example: I am making heavily documented and explained open source code for a method to play music for free — almost any song, no subscription fees, no download costs, no advertisements, all completely legal. This is done by building a front-end to YouTube (which checks the copyright permissions for you).

    View music player in action: www.musicinpublic.com/.

    Create your own copy from the original source code/ (presented for learning programming).

    Work on this project is very slow because I am homeless. I am available for work if someone can provide an indoor place to work in Costa Mesa, California, electricity, internet connections, a flat raised working surface (such as a table or desk), a sitting device (such as a chair or stool), and a fully functional reasonably modern used computer. I’m already homeless, so you don’t need to pay me (and I understand how much business people hate the minimum wage law). Just give me a chance to work.


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    At the time I write this message I am a few days from becoming homeless. That will greatly interfere with my ability to create this project, which can help nearly 20 million U.S. college students and more than 150 million students world-wide. I am looking for 30 rich people or corporations willing to donate $10 a month to my church so that the church can provide a place indoors for me to continue work. If you want to donate, please see help project. Thanks much.

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    Created: November 1, 2010

    Last Updated: September 11, 2012


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